Through high-energy colliders, standard models are verified experimentally. These colliders are based on electrostatic charged particle accelerators. High-energy charged particle colliders are installed around the world for forefront of scientific discoveries. Electromagnetic acceleration is possible from two mechanisms either nonresonant magnetic induction or resonant circuits or cavities excited by oscillating radio frequency. To avoid electrical discharge and increase charged particle energies, techniques involved electromagnetic fields instead of electrostatic fields. Therefore, motion of charged particle in electric and magnetic fields is discussed in order to understand the beam of charged particles and their applications.Ĥ.2 Electromagnetic charged particle acceleratorsĮlectrostatic charged particle accelerators have limitations on its beam energy due to high electrical voltage discharge. Applications of charged particles are subjected to control their motion and energy through electric field and magnetic field. It is positively charged if it loses electron from it. The charged particle is negative when it gains electron from another atom. Thus, an atom can be positive, negative, or neutral. An atom is called neutral if the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The electron carries a negative charge (−1.602 × 10 −19 Coulombs). The nucleus is formed by proton and neutron and thus carries a positive charge (the proton charge is 1.602 × 10 −19 Coulombs). In atomic levels, the atom consists of nucleus around which the electrons turn. It is concluded that charged particle is a particle that carries an electric charge. Studies of cosmic rays opened the door to a world class of particles. Several high-energy particles were also discovered, which is long list. The charged pions can quickly decay into two particles, a muon and a muon neutrino or antineutrino. When these cosmic rays come to earth to interact with upper atmosphere, they collide with the nuclei of atoms, creating more high-energy particles such as pions. These cosmic rays consist of high-energy particles, entering from outer space, such as mainly protons, helium, and heavier nuclei up to uranium. Bringing history back in August 1912, Austrian physicist Victor Hess discovered cosmic rays coming from outer space.
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